Understanding and quantifying the interactions between the forest and the atmosphere is one of the main tasks at ATTO. We are looking at the exchange of gases, particles and energy. This includes studying the chemistry of the atmosphere, and the ecology and biology of the plants in the rainforest. But it crucially also includes another component not quite so obvious. Only when the air inside of the forest canopy mixes with the air above can there be exchange. The physical movement of the air, its turbulence, determine how well these two layers of air, the one inside the forest canopy and the one above, mix. This is a field of research that has been studied for decades. But it is especially complicated above such complex and heterogeneous terrains such as a rainforest canopy. Hence, many questions remain unanswered.
Daniela Cava, Luca Mortarini, Cleo Quaresma and their colleagues set out to address some of these questions with two new studies that they conducted at ATTO. They wanted to define the different regimes of atmospheric turbulence or stability (Part 1) and describe the spatial and temporal scales of turbulent structures (Part 2).
For this, they used meteorological data obtained during the wet season 2015. Specifically, they looked at wind speed, air temperature and CO2 concentration. There were measured both at the 80-m tower and at the tall tower. Observing the changes in these parameters over several days, they were able to observe varying stages of atmospheric turbulence.
Based on these measurements, in Part 1 the scientists defined five different stability regimes, each with a different set of characteristics:
- Intense winds and significant heat and momentum flux characterize the unstable regime
- Strong turbulence but very small fluxes of heat and CO2 characterize the near neural regime
- Strong turbulence above the canopy, but very stable values of heat, momentum and CO2 characterize the weakly stable regime
- Weak winds and little turbulence characterize the very stable regime
- Even less wind and negligible turbulence characterize the super stable regime
In near neutral and unstable conditions coherent structures of turbulence propagate up to 2–3 times the canopy height. It also penetrates into the lowest part of the forest in sweeps. In these stability regimes, the mixing between the air within the forest canopy and the air above works really well, enabling all those exchange processes. That means that gases and particles produced in the forest, such as BVOCs and pollen, can up into the air above the forest. There they contribute to chemical processes and take part in cloud formation. On the other hand, through sweeping motions the gases and particles from above can get into the forest, for example bringing nutrients.
In weakly stable and very stable conditions, there is some mixing taking place. But during super stable conditions, there is negligible transport from forest air to the free atmosphere and vice versa. In these conditions, the air is strongly stratified exchange only barely takes place. Identifying this super stable regime was one of the main findings of the study. In this regime, the atmosphere above and below the canopy is dominated by low-frequency, large scale processes. How these structures influence the transport and mixing of gases and particles is an open question that shall be addressed in future studies.
In Part 2, the scientists looked even more closely at their data. They developed a new method to detect the presence of coherent vortices: turbulent swirling motions that are largely responsible for the exchange of air. From this, they then derived two parameterizations to describe the spatial and temporal scales of these turbulent structures. In addition, the team used their data and analysis to check if an existing theory of atmospheric mixing could be applied to a dense forest canopy such as the Amazon rainforest. They found that this is indeed the case, with some smaller limitations, in all stability conditions. They demonstrated that coherent structures and hence turbulence mixing and transport are present in all stability conditions. This largely theoretic work improves our understanding of turbulent airflow above and within the forest canopy.
Both of these studies help us to describe the complex processes of air movement at the interface of biosphere and atmosphere. This will in turn allow for better representation in model simulations and hence better predictions of the future of the Amazon in a changing climate.
Cava et al. published the study “Vertical propagation of submeso and coherent structure in a tall and dense Amazon Forest in different stability conditions PART I: Flow structure within and above the roughness sublayer” in the journal Agricultural and Forest Meteorology.
Mortarini et al. published the study “Vertical propagation of submeso and coherent structure in a tall and dense amazon forest in different stability conditions. PART II: Coherent structures analysis” also in the journal Agricultural and Forest Meteorology.
Both are Closed Access, but freely available for 50 days from publication with the links provided above.
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